Bio-oil Pyrolysis as a technique of degrading biomass waste into bio-oil [ 1,2 ]. Bio-oil is considered to be a renewable feedstock for the production of energy, fuels, chemicals, carbon materials and plastics. Bio-oil is a liquid mixture of organic compounds, such as cellulose/hemicellulose derived sugar monomers, sugar oligomers and the derivatives of sugars such as carboxylic acids, aldehydes, ketones, esters, alcohols, and the lignin derived phenolics, pyrolytic lignin as well as a high content of water [ 3 ] .   The production of bio-oil in a large scale can also be achieved in some research groups/companies such as UPM refinery in Finland, Red arrows-Ensyn in Canada, Pyrovac in Canada, Genting in Malaysia, Fortum-Valmet in Finland, BTG-BTL/Empyro in the Netherlands, Kior in the USA and AE Cote-Nord Bioenergy/Ensyn in Canada [ 4 ]. Various researchers have developed the method for upgrading of bio-oil into biofuel via hydrodeoxygenation, aiming to decrease the oxygen content o...

Prof. C. Xu et al. , have been reported on “Waste-to-wealth: biowaste valorization into valuable bio(nano)materials” in Chemical Society Reviews on September 2019 [1] . They mentioned that “The waste-to-wealth concept aims to promote a future sustainable lifestyle where waste valorization is seen not only for its intrinsic benefits to the environment but also to develop new technologies to treat waste to generate energy, recycle materials, livelihoods, jobs and extract resources of value”.   Figure 1. Waste to wealth. Source In recent years, the potential of biowastes (BW) has received increasing attention by academic and industrial communities aiming to identify strategies to convert low-value waste into new materials and products, and concurrently, developing technologies and business models based on waste-to-value enterprises by the integration of biowaste processing within biorefinery schemes has been described [2] .   Figure 2. Most common and widely available bi...